The Canadian Medical Association Defines Physician...

The Canadian Medical Association defines physician-assisted death (PAD) as â€Å"[when] a physician knowingly and intentionally provides a person with the knowledge and/or means required to end their own lives†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . (A, p29) In Canada, suicide has been legal for years, but euthanasia and physician-assisted death have only recently been decriminalized in a court of law. However, until 2016, PAD can still be charged as â€Å"culpable homicide† under section 222 and 229 of the Criminal Code of Canada. (B,K) The specifics of the debate on physician-assisted death in Canada has, over the decades, not significantly changed, but instead Canadians’ opinions have been shifted since information from Belgium, Columbia, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Switzerland,†¦show more content†¦(B, K) However, it is first important to understand exactly what is being challenged and what PAD really means. PAD is not to be confused with withdrawal of treatment, since patients h ave the right to refuse life-sustaining means, such as ventilator assistance or nourishment. (A, I) On the other hand, PAD has been, up until recently, illegal, even though suicide without assistance is not. (B) Critics of PAD have expressed concern about abuse and error in assisted death, but less so about the same margins when it comes to the withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment. They say that there is a clear difference between the act of ending one’s life and simply withdrawal of treatment. (K) However, it is also important to note that this does not mean that those against PAD are for preserving life at all costs, as witnessed by withdrawing care that does no more than prolong suffering. (F) Proponents argue that the act of withdrawing life-sustaining treatment is just as likely to lead to death as a physician giving a lethal dose of a substance, so why are physicians legally required to respect one choice, but not the other? (K) The end result of PAD is comparable to actions that are legally performed by physicians, such as aggressive palliative care, and withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment. (K) Court Cases For many years, Canada s stance on the ethical issues regarding PAD has been static, and the 1993 case of

The Guerilla Girls Are A Women s Activist Art Group Essay

The Guerilla Girls are a women’s activist art group. They are masked women who came together to make change in the world of art and women’s involvement in society. GG emerged in 1985 and still are active today in New York after 30 years of the emergence of the group. The Guerilla Girls used posters with real statistics to show awareness of sexism in the art world and the discrimination of women in politics as well as in the mass media. The Guerrilla Girls spread awareness of sexism in art, discrimination in politics and the mass media through their workshops, performances, and posters. The Guerrilla Girls speak about sexism in art galleries and the non appreciation of women s art in the most prestigious galleries of New York. â€Å"a very big problem is the fact women don t collect. ... Men buy the art and call the shots museums. Until women support women and collect each things will never change (Withers 287). Women artists new to the art world were not accepted, men artist bought their art to present as their own. This way women artist do not get the chance to be recognized for their talent. Making the assumption women are only valued as the model but cannot aspire to be artists and create exceptional work as men would. This is of importance because only 1% or none of the art presented was of women artists. â€Å"not only in their appeals to principles of equality, but also, say, in their gesture of adopting the names of deceased female artists as aliases, a gambit tacitlyShow MoreRelatedThe Feminist Art Movement During The 20th Century1567 Words   |  7 Pag esThe feminist art movement, stemming from the second wave of feminism mid 20th century, brought passionate and talented works of art in performance, protest, and exhibits of feminist culture and gender equality. 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What is immediately noticeable, however, upon any brief study of art, is the significant absence of women as heralded artists—not only in our ancient pasts, but even today, amongst valiant efforts for gender equality. Read MoreFeminism And The Second Wave921 Words   |  4 Pageswave does not have a starting point or a particular moment. The period from early 1990’s to present is often defined as the Third wave. This wave is considered as the â€Å"backlash† of the movements and achievements made in the second wave. Many issues like Webster decision in 1989, that made a way to create abortion laws and Planned Parenthood Association of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey made a law that women should get counseling before abortion led to the lesser chances of availability of abortionRead MoreI Thought Of The Vagina2558 Words   |  11 Pagesthe heightened sense of worth Finley was referring to. 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LECTURER-IN-CHARGE: DR OLANIYAN MRS LIST OF GROUP MEMBERS. OGUNFEIBO AYOKUNLE O 1002630 IBITOYERead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesHartman Strom, Political Woman: Florence Luscomb and the Legacy of Radical Reform Michael Adas, ed., Agricultural and Pastoral Societies in Ancient and Classical History Jack Metzgar, Striking Steel: Solidarity Remembered Janis Appier, Policing Women: The Sexual Politics of Law Enforcement and the LAPD Allen Hunter, ed., Rethinking the Cold War Eric Foner, ed., The New American History. Revised and Expanded Edition E SSAYS ON _ T WENTIETH- C ENTURY H ISTORY Edited by MichaelRead MorePeculiarities of Euphemisms in English and Difficulties in Their Translation19488 Words   |  78 Pagesthat different peoples and different social classes vary considerably not only at different but at the same periods with regard to which things, which acts, and which words are to be treated as objectionable; and that, in one restricted but important group (physical intimacy and the sexual parts), the euphemisms are to some extent accountable by the fact that the anatomical terms would, with perhaps one exception (the male generative organ), be out of place and pompous, whereas the old Roman words

Nursing Evidence Based Research Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Nursing Evidence Based Research. Answer: Effectiveness of the EARLY SAVE Program The EARLY SAVE program was particularly initiated to mirror out best practices in early recognition as well as response to clinical deterioration. Clinical staff was educated so that they could be able to implement the program effectively. Additionally, there was an introduction of an escalation chart as well as an observation to help in accomplishing the plan. The EARLY SAVE program has been effective in improving early recognition as well as response to clinical deterioration within the hospital. To show this, there has been an incredible decrease in the death of patients from 25 percent to 10 percent. This is a tremendous achievement which the hospital has accomplished with the introduction of the early save program. The program has ensured that any patient who deteriorate get timely and appropriate care. Through the program, all patients have been able to receive comprehensive care, irrespective of the time of the day or their location within the hospital. An array of systems has been put in place to manage and overcome clinical deterioration efficiently (Churpek et al. 2015 p. A5396). The program permits the clinicians to use various guides to identify plans for implementing stout response and recognition systems. Notably, due to the program, patients who are being transferred to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) have significantly reduced from 35 percent to 20 percent. This shows that the program has been able to take care of or treat a patient who requires close monitoring and observation. It is also important to note that the program has specialized equipment as well as trained personnel who are able to care for patients suffering from chronic diseases such as respiratory diseases and cardiac pain. According Barr et al. (2013 p. 264), these equipment have functioned more effectively in detecting and recognizing patients suffering from cardiac diseases and quickly responding to their conditions. As a result, more patients have been able to stay in the wards thus not getting a transfer to either ICU or HDI. The professionals have also used the equipment to come up with best practices to overcome such diseases, therefore, reducing the number of deaths. The Use of Data Obtained from Pre and Post EARLY SAVE Program When Reporting to (NSQHS) Standard The National Safety and Quality Health Service (NSQHS) Standard drives the implementations of quality and safety systems which improve health care quality(Boyd and Sheen, 2014 p. 31). The information obtained from the Pre and Post EARLY SAVE Program can significantly assist when reporting to the National Safety and Quality Health Service (NSQHS) Standard. The data shows improvements the hospital has made through the implementation of EARLY SAVE Program. For example, through the implementation of the EARLY SAVE Program, the hospital has experienced a significant decline in the number of deaths from 25 percent to 10 percent. Remarkably, this will reveal to NSQHS that the hospital is making progress in quality health care delivery. Additionally, the hospital has experienced a decrease in the number of patients being transferred to the ICU from 35% to 20%. The data shows that the various calls in the MET have increased from 160 calls to 360 calls indicating that the program actively helps several people to have a healthy living. Currently, patients can call the MET to intervene for their situations. It is, therefore, important to state that the number of staff attending to different customers have increased allowing better service delivery. The data will also aid to let know NSQHS that a lot of progress is taking place within the hospital regarding service delivery. For example, patients can now remain in wards and receive proper treatment without necessarily going to the intensive care unit. Events which take place during the trial to save a life are quite intense. The family members presence during the resuscitation efforts is becoming a vital issue in the healthcare setting. The presence of few family members, for instance, during cardiopulmonary resuscitation is a comparatively fresh matter in healthcare. It is important to note that prior to the initiation of modern Medicare, a patients family was habitually present at their loved ones deathbed. A sick individuals final moments were mostly regulated by the family members instead of the medical profession. This article endeavors to elucidate the importance of allowing the presence of family members during the resuscitation of a loved one. Many emergency medical practitioners advocate that giving family members an opportunity to watch resuscitation of a loved one is a good idea (Tudor et al, 2014 p. 88). Both the emergency medical experts and family members agree that witnessing the resuscitation of a loved one can take out the mystery of any possible terrifying experience. It is noteworthy that it offers reassurance to the members of the household that all is being done to ensure or save the life of their loved one. People always need assurance that everything is taking place rightly and so allowing the presence of the relatives gives them the opportunity to know what is taking place in the theatre. It is vital to consider the area which the patients family members are allowed to reach without infuriating any interference to the medical practitioners. Allowing the presence of the relatives also provides closure for some of the family members who want to be with the loved one till his or her last minutes. Also, it shows individuals why reviving anyone in cardiac arrest is not much likely to be easy as persons do assume from watching the process on the television. Members of the family who may rightly understand what it means by doing everything possible or probable can go ahead to come up with more informed decision about end-of-life-care for their families or themselves (Greenfield et al. 2015 3111). The journal of New England of Medicine elucidates that no negative or adverse effects can arise from having family members present during the resuscitations attempts. According to Collinset al. (2015 p. 793), members of the family who observes resuscitations attempts are considerably less in the offing to experience depression, anxiety as well as symptoms or signs of post-traumatic stress compared to family members who do not observe the resuscitation efforts. The results established in the Journal of New England of Medicine, titled Family Members Presence during Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation show that family members presence does not impact the results of the Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (Jabre et al 2013 p. 1009) The study also shows that the relatives presence does not increase the levels of stress of the emergency medical team which usually comprises three emergency medical technicians, trained nurses in emergency medicine, and a physician. The study established that having the presence of family members does not lead to any failure in the resuscitation process. In the same token, the members of the family feel involved in the resuscitation process, and they can appear more adept to reconcile to the fact of losing a life. According to Porter et al (2014 p. 71), family members presence during, for instance, Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation of an adult patient has to some extent positive impact, especially if the medical team fails to re-establish the fundamental physical functions. Hasselqvistet al. (2014, p. 2308), advocates that the family presence have no traumatic memory as a result, because they will believe that the doctors helped their household member, and this eases their fears. Subsequently, the family members presence enhances their understanding of the patients condition, and they may make informed decisions concerning the patients condition. It is significant to note that relatives presence offers various opportunities for them to support the patient as well as obtain closure in case of death. Family members are also able to appreciate the resuscitation efforts made by the medical practitioners when allowed to be in the acute care setting. Most importantly, family members presence increases the staff attention to the patient and enhances professional behavior amongst the staff members (Zavotsky et al, 2014 p. 326). The staff members will have to create a much holistic approach to care, therefore, increasing the survival chances. Notably, these articles are vital since they help in explaining the benefits of having the family members within the acute care setting. The commentaries tell why the modern medical practitioners currently allow the patients relative to watch and witness the operation being done on their loved ones. In conclusion, the objectives of resuscitation include limiting disability, relieving suffering, restoring health, respecting peoples privacy as well as decisions, and preserving life (Soar et al, 2015, p. 102). The practice of providing the members of the family with the chance to be present during resuscitation has become a controversial ethical matter in most emergency medical services. However, family members ought to be allowed in during resuscitation so that they can be able to accept the situation and move on. Their presence is quite significant since it provides a holistic approach to care and offers various opportunities for the family members to support their patient as well as obtain closure in case of death. References Barr, J., Fraser, G.L., Puntillo, K., Ely, E.W., Glinas, C., Dasta, J.F., Davidson, J.E., Devlin, J.W., Kress, J.P., Joffe, A.M. and Coursin, D.B., 2013. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of pain, agitation, and delirium in adult patients in the intensive care unit.Critical care medicine,41(1), pp.263-306. Boyd, L. and Sheen, J., 2014. The national safety and quality health service standards requirements for orientation and induction within Australian Healthcare: A review of the literature.Asia Pacific journal of health management,9(3), pp.31-37. Churpek, M.M., Winslow, C.J., Meltzer, D.O., Kattan, M. and Edelson, D.P., 2015. Multicenter Comparison Of Conventional Regression And Machine Learning Methods For Predicting Clinical Deterioration On The Wards. In D16. Predicting Risk And Outcomes For Critical Illness (pp. A5396-A5396). American Thoracic Society. Collins, F.S. and Varmus, H., 2015. A new initiative on precision medicine.New England Journal of Medicine,372(9), pp.793-795. Greenfield, D., Hinchcliff, R., Banks, M., Mumford, V., Hogden, A., Debono, D., Pawsey, M., Westbrook, J. and Braithwaite, J., 2015. Analysing big picturepolicy reform mechanisms: the Australian health service safety and quality accreditation scheme.Health Expectations,18(6), pp.3110-3122. Hasselqvist-Ax, I., Riva, G., Herlitz, J., Rosenqvist, M., Hollenberg, J., Nordberg, P., Ringh, M., Jonsson, M., Axelsson, C., Lindqvist, J. and Karlsson, T., 2015. Early cardiopulmonary resuscitation in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.New England Journal of Medicine,372(24), pp.2307-2315. Jabre, P., Belpomme, V., Azoulay, E., Jacob, L., Bertrand, L., Lapostolle, F., Tazarourte, K., Bouilleau, G., Pinaud, V., Broche, C. and Normand, D., 2013. Family presence during cardiopulmonary resuscitation.New England Journal of Medicine,368(11), pp.1008-1018. Porter, J.E., Cooper, S.J. and Sellick, K., 2014. Family presence during resuscitation (FPDR): perceived benefits, barriers and enablers to implementation and practice.International emergency nursing,22(2), pp.69-74. Soar, J., Nolan, J.P., Bttiger, B.W., Perkins, G.D., Lott, C., Carli, P., Pellis, T., Sandroni, C., Skrifvars, M.B., Smith, G.B. and Sunde, K., 2015. European Resuscitation Council guidelines for resuscitation 2015.Resuscitation,95, pp.100-147. Tudor, K., Berger, J., Polivka, B.J., Chlebowy, R. and Thomas, B., 2014. Nurses perceptions of family presence during resuscitation.American Journal of Critical Care,23(6), pp.e88-e96. Zavotsky, K.E., McCoy, J., Bell, G., Haussman, K., Joiner, J., Marcoux, K.K., Magarelli, K., Mahoney, K., Maldonado, L., Mastro, K.A. and Milloria, A., 2014. Resuscitation team perceptions of family presence during CPR.Advanced emergencynursing journal,36(4), pp.325-334.

Women Essays (667 words) - Bleacher, , Term Papers

Women And Football "Go Mustangs..." she said softly; gritting her teeth and squeezing her soft cotton blanket in her delicate hands. She then looked around the stands at all of the football fans. "Catch that ball!" "What the hell are you doin'?" "Come on, ref! Are you blind?" "Yeah! Go, go, go!" Those were the only sounds that pierced the otherwise impenetrable roar inside the stadium at a college football game. The woman tightened her scarf, and pulled both sides of her wool cap down over her ears. In one motion, she raised her eyebrows and stretched out her neck. She was finally able to see the players on the field over the tall man's head in front of her. Just after the play began, the man jumped up to his feet and yelled something she did not understand. "What does that mean, Hon?" She inquired of her knowledgeable husband. "Oh, he's mad because the quarterback should've opted to pitch the ball to the runningback instead of tryin' to run it himself. Our quarterback's like that, though." He explained as simply as he thought possible. "Oh." She nodded in silent consent, but not complete comprehension. In fact, she was more confused then than she was before she asked. She shrugged her shoulders with a sigh and continued to watch the confusing, violent, loud game with all the enthusiasm she had left. She suddenly felt a tap on her shoulder and hesitantly turned her head around to see the bright-eyed face of an elderly woman with her husband. "The uniforms look nice this year. Don't they dear?" The old woman asked with a big grin on her wrinkled, but friendly, face. "Especially the band; they look so pretty." "Yes. Yes, they do." She agreed without looking, and turned back around as if she had been involved in the football game. Her husband turned to her swiftly. "Watch number eight; he can open-field tackle like a pro." Her husband pointed out in an effort to direct her attention from wherever she was to watching the game. "Which ones are we? Are we in the green or white?" His chin dropped suddenly and his forehead wrinkled up. "We've been watching this game for over an hour and you don't know what team you're rooting for? I don't believe this?" "Sorry. They look all the same to me." "We're the green, the other team is white. They're killin' us right now, but we still have a fighting chance if we can just... Hey, here comes the wave! You gotta get up when the guy comes running by us!" A young student in a bright green shirt ran across the front of the bleachers causing everyone to jump out of their seats and throw their arms up in the cold, foggy air. The student's cheeks glowed bright red and he was out of breath, but he continued to run back and forth to stir the excitement in the fans. When it came time for the woman to stand up, she simply raised her arms in the air, remaining in her seat. The husband fell back into his seat, all the while screaming. When he calmed down he turned to her, cocked his head to one side and scrunched the middle of his forehead together. "How come you didn't stand up for the wave?" "Because I'm cold and I didn't want the blanket to fall on the ground," she explained promptly. "Sorry." "It's alright," he sighed in disappointment. As the woman began looking around again at the fans she noticed one young man that had been looking at her throughout the entire game, as if he were watching her, or wondering what she was thinking. "I'm too paranoid. That's ridiculous," she thought, and returned to her blank stare at the players on the field. The bright lights. The loud band. The noisy fans. The students with their shirts off and faces painted. The smell of nachos and hot dogs. The shaking of the bleachers from stomping feet. The atmosphere is indescribable, yet some people just can't get into it. I don't understand that... but I assume it has something to do with the fact that I don't understand the large crowds at dog shows, either.

ISU-E Research consultation portal Essay Example

ISU ISU-E Research consultation portal Essay ISU-E Research consultation portal Essay CHAPTER I THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND This chapter discusses the problem and its background which comprises of project framework, statement of the objectives, the importance of the study, scope and delimitation and definition of terms. 1. 1 Introduction Isabela State University Echague Campus offers undergraduate and graduate programs that require research projects as course requirements. Students and faculty researchers need constant consultations to their advisers who are experts in doing research. This enables them to answer their queries about the research being ndertaken and educate them on how to perform different research processes. Providing a rendezvous for the researchers allows them to share their expert thoughts to students both in the undergrad and graduate programs who are willing to venture in the field of research. Although ISU-E are full of competent and knowledgeable researchers the instant contact and access to these researchers becomes impossible due to lack of time and instant communication. The advent of the new technology today allows the students and faculty researchers get in touch with the experts using forum, chat room and mails and social networks for consultation. The development and implementation of ISU-E Research consultation portal provides an ultimate solution to the problems of ISU-E in providing unlimited access to all its clientele and researchers. It also provides a venue for the students of the undergraduate and graduate programs to consult and communicate to their advisers for some insights and professional inputs in doing the research via online communication using the internet. The ISU-E Research Consultation Portal highlights different faculty and students researches. The system provides resources that can store research output such as journal, proposals, and finished researches of both graduate and undergraduate researches. The system also provides chat room, news updates, publication, and announcement page for the users. The users who are bonafide students and faculty members of ISU-E can also upload and download faculty and student research abstracts, Journal, research templates and other information related to research undertakings. 1. 2 Project Framework 1. 2. 1 Information System Usability Theory Usability is one of the important factors that determine the success of a website of ny types. It is related to the design aspect of web pages that make sense to people who use them. It not only surfers to navigate easily and conveniently but also helps em n tne InTormatlon tney wanted wltnln a partlcular weD sl e t . DITTerent definitions of usability have been so far proposed, which vary according to the models they are based on. Usability by Nielsen, (2003) was adopted in the field of web site; he defines Usability as a quality attribute that assesses how easy user interfaces are to use. The word usability also refers to methods for improving ease-of-use. Learnability: the ease of learning the functionality and the behavior of the system. Efficiency: the level of attainable productivity, once the user has learned the system. Memorability: The ease of remembering the system functionality, so that the casual user can return to the system after a period of non-use, without needing to learn again how to use it. Few errors: the capability of the system to feature a low error rat e, to support users making few errors during the use of the system, and in case they make errors, to help them to easy recover. Users satisfaction: the measure in which the user finds the system pleasant to use. In usability literature, Powell, T, A, defines usability as the extent to which a product can be used by specific users to achieve specified goals with effectiveness, efficiency and satisfaction in a specified context of use. In this definition, effectiveness means the accuracy and completeness with which user achieve specified goals. Efficiency is the resources expended in relation to the accuracy and completeness with which users achieve goals, and satisfaction is described as the comfort and acceptability of use. Benbunan-Fich,(2001) Usability problems therefore refer to aspects that ake the application ineffective, inefficient, and difficult to learn and to use. The concept of usability can be defined as how well and how easily a user, without formal training, can interact with an information system of a website. Bernard et al. (1981) suggested that a 3 truly usable system must be compatible not o nly with the characteristics of human perception and action, but, most critically, with users cognitive skills in communication, understanding, memory, and problem solving. Therefore, the researcher looks usability as the overall quality result of the proposed study as being in line with usability literature. Since system perception will be viewed as the desired result by the users (how easy user interface are to use). According to the usability Engineering approach, a cost-effective way for increasing usability is to address it since the early phases of the application development. A solution for achieving this goal is to take into account some criteria. Various criteria and factors for evaluation have been so far proposed and several stud adopted it, according to Nielses heuristics. (2003) for user interface design and evaluatlon there are five dimensions need to consider; LEARNABILITY, EFFICIENCY, MEMORABILITY, FEW ERRORS, AND SATISFACTION. It also includes Shahizan Hassan FengLi, (2001) seven factors or SCANMIC gathered from various literature on web design and usability such as screen design, content, accessibility, navigation, media use, consistency, and interactivity which used by several industries and study. Also the modified version of Meyer, et al, (2009) as 25- point Website Usability Checklist which is divided only into four (4) sections such as Accessibility, Identity, Navigation, and content which is originally derived from Nielsen 113- point checklist in his book, Homepage Usability. 25-point Website Usability checklist as developed by Dr. 4 Meyer will be the instrument to use and it will be guided through the Nielsens heuristic process. The following are the sections relating to usability of the proposed system which is defined and organized by Dr. Meyer: Accessibility: the application features that support universal access by any class of users and technology. It is one of the main goals of the agency to attract as many as possible from various users, especially farmers. By the word accessible it means that users would not only to get connection to a site but also able to browse all ontents available, the higher the degree of accessibility, the higher the level of usability. The agency, farmers, agricultural expert, and other visitors might keep from being able to access the information on a website and there are three elements need to consider, first is the loading time, and second is browser compatibility and lastly the search facility because web users are impatient: they want to get their answer immediately and do not want to be slowed down by cool features, missions statements, or self-promoting grandstanding (Nielsen, 1997). 0 ntlty tne Olstlnctlve cnaracterlzatlon Delongs to an Inalvlauallty or slte. It glves clear path to the company information and makes the company purpose clear. Navigation: the act of navigating. The good navigation in a site is comparable to good road map. With good navigation users especially farmers know where they are, where theyVe been, and where they can go from their 5 current position. In short navigation is the key to making the experience enjoyable and efficient. Content: it refers to information contains One factor of content is providing clear information if what the agency being offered, the information must be accurate, reliable, and up-to-date. Also, the importance of short pages titles, meaningful headings and singed pages must be considered. 25- Point Website Usability Checklist is measured on Five Point Ranging Scale. This indicated that the value of (1) is equivalent to strongly disagree and (5) as to strongly agree. The Lickert scale Method was used in analyzing the result of the survey. Usability Figure 1. 1 . Meyers 25 Point Website Heuristic Framework Figure 1 shows the Meyers 25 Point Website Heuristic Framework. The criteria are consists of the following: Accessibility, Identity, Navigation and Content. User 6 atisfaction is obtained when the four major criteria are met. The 25 point website heuristic framework is the basis of the users in evaluating the website being developed. In analyzing the result of the evaluation 5 Point Licker Scale is used with the following qualitative rating: 5 Strongly Agree, 4 Agree, 3 Undecided 2 Disagree, 1 Strongly Disagree. 1. 3 Statement of the Objectives After a thorough analysis and investigation the researcher aimed to attain the following specific research objectives: 1. To be able to investigate the status of the current system of ISU-E campus on research consultation; 2. To be able to design, develop and implement ISU-E Research Consultation Portal for Isabela State University -Echague Campus; and 3. To evaluate the users perception on the system using the following criteria: a. Accessibility b. Identity c. Navigation d. Content 1 4 scope ana Dellmltatlon 0T tne study This study was conducted to Isabela State University Echague Campus located at San Fabian, Echague Isabela. The research started on April, 2012 and ended on November, 2012. There are 150 respondents in this study which is consists of: I. T. 7 Experts (22), CT Faculty Researchers (23), Student Researchers (98), Research Heads 2), and RDET Employees (5). This research covered the different researches conducted by graduate and undergraduate programs of Isabela State University specifically on the research consultation process conducted by the advisers. Although Isabela State University is the main school respondent of this study, the Institute of Information and Communication Technology (CT) served as the pilot college in implementing this research. Since the research includes system development, there are four users who can use the system this includes the administrator, registered students, and the guest users. The administrator has a full control over the system. It is responsible for maintaining the system, updating information of the website, validating information to be posted on the website, and creating user account to access the system. The registered user can browse the different modules of the system, Join the chat room, post comments, upload and download information such as Journal and research abstract on the website. The guest users can only browse limited information on the website. Guest users can only Join chat room, post comment, download and upload information if they sign in on the system. Isabela State University-Echague Research Consultation Portal (ISU-E RCP) covers the following information as modules of the system: Home, Researches, Journal, Publication, Services and Portal. The home module also contained sub-modules such as: Mission, Vision, History, Research Agenda, News Updates, List of Researches, Announcement and Galleries. The system is a web application system that requires internet connection to run the system. The system runs best using Fire Fox internet browser. MySQL was used as 8 the back end of the system. Hypertext Preprocessor (PHP) was used in constructing he interface of the system. The technologies used by the researcher in constructing the system were Web 2. 0, and AJAX technology. Three-tier network architecture using Star topology was used by the researcher in deploying the system. 1. 5 Importance of the Study The implementation of the ISU-E Research Information System provides new technology for the ISU-E. This study provides an avenue for the researchers to publish, promote, and maintain a repository of records of all researches conducted by the researchers. The unlimited access to the different researches of ISU-E allows the users to enhance heir basic knowledge in conducting researchers through the help of the online communication prov10ea Dy tne system. Researcn output 0T tne OITTerent researcners at ISU-E is now in a wider range of coverage in terms of publication and not only found in the library, desktop computer and office shelves but can also be viewed not only within the premises of Echague but it can be accessed anywhere as long as internet connection is available. The limited access of research information is now replaced with unlimited access time. The students form the graduate and undergraduate programs can now communicate o expert researchers using the system to do queries regarding research matters. Consultation is now easy for the students of both graduate and undergraduate program since the system is equipped with interactive features to address the problem. Researchers can easily publish their researches and Journals online for further criticisms 9 of different experts in the field for some professional insights and inclusion of relevant information for the success of the research being undertaken. Researchers and advisers can now communicate online anytime of the day for consultation purposes about the research being undertaken by the researcher. Delays in critiquing the papers in now eliminated since the adviser can easily access the manuscripts online and talk to its advisee online using the online chat room. Advisers and researchers can also upload and download information and resources to be used as reference in the research study being carried out by the researcher. 1. Definition of Terms Accessibility as used in this study, refers to the application features that support universal access by any class of users and technology. It is one of the main goals of the agency to attract as many as possible from various users, especially farmers. By the word accessible it means that users would not only to get connection to a site but also able to browse all contents available. The higher the degree of accessibility, the higher the level of usability. The agency, farmers, agricultural expert, and other visitors might keep from being able to access the information on a website and there are three elements need to consider, first is the loading time, and second is browser compatibility and lastly the search facility because web users are impatient: they want to get their answer immediately and do not want to be slowed down by cool eatures, missions statements, or self promoting grandstanding (Nielsen, 1997) Consultation as used in this study, refers to the face-to-face conversation of an adviser and the researcher as regard to thesis concerns. 0 Content as used in this study, refers to information contains One factor of content is providing clear information if what the agency being offered, the information must be accurate, reliable, and up-to-date. Also, the importance of short pages titles, meaningful headings and singed pages must be considered. ETTlclency as usea In tnls study, reTers to tne level 0T attalnaDle proauctlvlty, once he user has learned the system. Few errors as used in this study, refers to the capability of the system to feature a low error rate, to support users making few errors during the use of the system, and in case they make errors, to help them to easy recover. Graduate Research as used in this study, refers to the research output done by the researcher under graduate program. Identity as used in this study, refers to the distinctive characterization belongs to an individuality or site. It gives clear path to the company information and makes the company purpose clear. Institute of Information and Communication Technology as used in this study, refers to the institution offering IT programs which is the pilot college in implementing this research. Isabela State University as used in this study, refers to a higher education institution located at San Fabian, Echague Isabela. ISU-E Research Consultation Portal as cited in this study, refers to a Web Application Program that is used as a tool in handling research consultation of graduate and undergraduate studies. 11 Learnability as used in this study, refers to the ease of learning the functionality and the behavior of the system. Memorability as used in this study, refers to the ease of remembering the system functionality, so that the casual user can return to the system after a period of nonuse, without needing to learn again how to use it. Navigation as used in this study, refers to the act of navigating. The good navigation in a site comparable to where theyVe been, and where they can go from their current position. In short navigation is the key to making the experience enjoyable and efficient. Portal as used in this study, refers to a component of web application software that requires users account to access the different modules of the system. Research Adviser as used in this study, refers to an individual who act as research expert that criticizes and give recommendation in a research output. Undergraduate Research as used in this study, refers to the research output done by the researcher in the undergraduate program. Usability as used in this study, refers to quality attribute that assesses how easy user interfaces are to use. The word usability also refers to methods for improving easeof-use, (Nielsen, (2003). Users satisfaction as used in this study, refers to the measure in which the user finds the system pleasant to use. 12

What To Do When Your Writers Turn In Bad Posts

What To Do When Your Writers Turn In Bad Posts A few years ago, I had a side job moonlighting as an editor for a fairly successful app review and Apple rumors website. I was one of several editors, and I had about 10 freelance authors assigned to me. The skill levels of the various writers ranged widely, but one particular author stood out. Well call him Mike. The good thing I can say about Mike is that he was consistent. Unfortunately, the thing he was most consistent at was being a terrible writer. As if that wasnt enough, he was a prolific writer. Sometimes, Id step away from the computer to return an hour later to 3 or 4 more terrible posts marked as ready for review. The best way I can describe Mikes writing is with a word picture. Imagine the awful, awkward wailing sound that would assault your earholes if you were to steamroll a pile of bagpipes. It was like that, but for the eyes. Rules of basic grammar, spelling, logic, punctuation, and even common sense were all left bleeding on the floor with mortal wounds with every post he turned in. I probably would have felt sorry for Mike if I hadnt felt like he was torturing me. How to Handle the Mikes On your team, you may have your own Mike, but if the truth be told, sometimes we all have our Mike moments. If youre an editor, you are already well aware of this. So what should you do when someone on your team submits a real stinker? Here are a few tips. Be Gracious Some authors take their work more seriously than others and may require different handling, but you should always strive to be a gracious editor, slow to dole out a harsh word and quick to patience. If the post is terrible, it is important to ask yourself if this is a pattern with this author. If the answer is no, dont worry about it too much and just follow the advice below. But if it is a pattern, it may be time to reassess the value that author brings to your team. Is he creating more work for your editors? At one point, 85% of my time each night was spent on Mike. A bad author is like a plane flying with the landing gear down. Its just extra drag. Look for Silver Linings Believe me. I know that when a post is bad, its hard to focus on much else. But youre well-served to try to note the things the author did well before you launch into the negative. Note that this is not the same as patronizing or being insincere. In fact, if you genuinely cant find anything positive about the bad post, its better to move on than to make something up. What did the author do well? Was it an interesting idea that was just poorly put together? Was the intro or ending good, but just weak in the middle? Try to find the silver linings and you may be surprised to find how much more receptive the author is to hear your feedback. Be Honest I once heard an analogy about giving criticism. Its like throwing a brick because criticism is kind of heavy and no one really likes receiving it. Some people go out of their way to throw bricks because they just like to smash peoples feelings. On the other hand, some people hate giving criticism and their critique is just too mushy to be useful, which is more like throwing velvet. The happy medium is to throw the velvet brick. You want the criticism to be truthful, but easier to receive. So just as you should look for the silver linings (the velvet), you must also be honest. After all, as the editor, you are ultimately responsible for the content on your site. If something isnt working, and especially if it is part of a pattern, you owe it to your readers and even your brand to level with your author to let them know. You want your editorial criticism to be truthful, but easy to receive.Educate I have friends who constantly misuse then and than. For example, Red is better then green. Youve probably also noticed abuse of the word your and youre, as in Your going to regret that. The internet is full of these grammar abuses, and there is no shortage of grammar police who feel like these abusers evidently enjoy the word-equivalent of nails on a chalkboard. But most of the time, these are just honest mistakes. People forget grammar rules they learned in the 5th grade and just need a refresher. Be willing to carefully and constructively educate your authors who make these mistakes, especially the common ones. If they are good team members, they will want to help make your job easier. Educate them to self-edit, and they will do just that. Reevaluate Your Team Even though my mom didnt like when B.A. Baracus used the word fool, I used to love watching the 80s TV show, The A-Team when I was a kid. I liked the theme music, but I also kind of liked the idea that everyone on the team was a specialist at something. Hannibal was the brains and leader, Face was good with disguise, Murdock, though loopy, was a great pilot, and B.A. was the brute force because sometimes things just needed to be smashed. I attended a conference a couple of years ago where Dave Ramsey spoke on the importance of hiring a good team. He emphasized the importance of evaluating people thoroughly, even for the seemingly unimportant roles. His point was that everyone has a job to do, and you want to make sure you have the people on your team who have the skills to help get you there and not be a drag. We kept Mike for far too long. He wrote awful posts, and he came with a lot of drama that sucked down a lot of our time. It wasnt my call then, but we should have just let him go at the first signs of his resistance to be taught and improve himself. If you have an author that has a pattern of less-than-excellence, and honest criticism and education have not helped, its time to reevaluate. You probably have a C-member on your A-Team.

The Time Charterparty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The Time Charterparty - Essay Example Essentially, contracts were just oral agreements between the concerned persons but whoever should contracts be written agreements? In order to maintain legality the need for writing an agreement is important for the agreement and moreover agreements must meet a number of criteria to be legally valid: All the parties must be in agreement and something of value must be exchanged in the process. Different states have laws that allow whether given contracts need to be written or not. With a clear understanding of the contract law a closer look at what happens during an agreement between the parties and the exchange process is important. Agreement Between Parties Although it may seem obvious to talk about an agreement since when two parties enter into a contract they must have come to an agreement. However this is an essential element for any contract to be valid and all the parties must agree on major issues in the contract. Although there might be situations that prevent an agreement from being fully settled at and with regard to this different states have rules defining when an agreement legally exists. Offer and Acceptance A legal contract exists when one party makes an offer and the other party accepts it. This however would be orally or in writing. In normal businesses today, once an offer has been made it must be accepted for the deal to go on but however there would be situations when one party may be slow in fully settling the agreement and would think about it for a while or try to get a better deal. Thus unless an offer states an â€Å"expiry† date it however remains open for a â€Å"reasonable† period of time. To avoid any conflicts the best way to make an offer is to include an expiry date.3 In the sea there are often contracts of hire for vessels. This is for a specific period of time and hence the name â€Å"time charter hire†. Different lawyers have got a different interpretation of the laws relating to time charter hire. In this paper, different terms and concepts would be introduced. An in depth analysis of the charter party clauses for both hire and freight follows and finally a closer look on the two statements provided and a conclusion that reflects which of the two statements from Satya Kamal and Lord Denning’s cases best shows how the law relating to time charter hire should be applied. Terms and Concepts Time Charter Party The Time Charter Party is also called the Voyage Charter. It is governed by the general rules that bind the contract of law whereby there should be an offer and acceptance and that the two parties must have agreed on given terms and conditions. Moreover, the contract should be in writing or orally whatever the two parties agree on for the contract to be legal. In other terms, a Time Charter is a contract for the services to be given by the owner of a ship to a charterer. The services are usually given by the owner’s employees usually servants led by the master and the members are the crew.4 The charterer has does not receive any interest for use of the vessel but the services being rendered by the shipâ₠¬â„¢s owner are the ones that matter. Moreover, the charterer benefits from the commercial use of the vessel by giving the instructions to the servants on the cargoes to be loaded and the voyages to be undertaken and other orders may be given by the charterer in accordance with the terms and agreements of the charter-party. The charter-party has a duration that implicates the period of service but not limited to the geographical area covered or the amount of load carried. Thus time charter does not provide for freight, laytime and the charterer is obliged to pay for hire, delivery, redelivery and

The Ship Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The Ship Management - Essay Example Nowadays, Management of vessels is getting tougher even more because of the omnipresent media which plays the eye and mouth of the cynical public and due to increased regulations. And, these factors apart from making the management tougher have worked as catalyst to initiate social changes. That is, as mentioned above, the concept of social responsibility is not a compulsion on the part of the shipping industry and its managers. So the older companies, which operated ships during the absence of these media and regulations, had no such compulsions. These ship management companies and its business managers had no such obligations and allowed pollution to continue and did not care much for the society. Also, they just concentrated on running the ships without any attempt to diversify into CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility). The mindset of the business managers of that time was, they questioned the need for Social responsibility for shipping companies because ships mostly operate in i solation in far away waters of the world. That is, the view of the shipping managers is that, as the ship does not operate in the vicinity or living area of a large number of people, there is no need to cater to them. But as the media starting making its presence, the people in the vicinity of the shipping operations got to know more than they knew about shipping. That is, how the improperly maintained ships could cause anything from deaths to sea creatures to threats to human lives. Firstly, if the shipping companies does not periodically test the physical capabilities of the ship before it leaves into the sea, it can lead to catastrophe like drowning or sinking of the whole ship. Then, with the development of this world, the need for oil became a never-ending thing and ships only supplied this oil to all the countries in the world. But, due to events which could be triggered by nature or due to the faults of the shipping companies, the oil may get spilled, leading to the destructi on of the environment, particularly sea environment and its inhabitants. Other threat from ships could come in the form of harmful chemicals emitted during breaking of the ship. So all these threats of ships, initiated major changes in the functioning of the shipping management companies and its business managers. The business managers understanding the serious nature of the problem put their minds to come up with strategies that can overcome this negative fallout. And, the important tool they got is the concept of social responsibility. That is, to nullify this image and create a favorable image for the shipping management companies in the minds of the people, they started concentrating on social responsibility. So, these reasons only forced a change in the positive direction in the sector of social responsibility. And to show this social responsibility, the business managers integrated certain policies in the shipping management’s overall strategy. As mentioned before they can do this firstly by organizing separate events or actions like donations, giving aid to patients etc, etc- all these will fulfill its social responsibility. Or by integrating certain policies or rules like MARPOL into their setup, which apart from helping the organization in smooth and effective functioning, also helps to fulfill its social responsibility.     And the many shipping management companies and its business managers as part of their business policy of showing the social responsibility are conducting events. And in this section we can look how one of the major shipping Management Company and its business manager are carrying out certain activities to fulfill their social responsibility. And for example we take a look at the initiatives of Riverlake, a Swiss independent company created and registered in Geneva in 1985.

Solar and Wind Energy to Ashton Island Essay Example for Free

Solar and Wind Energy to Ashton Island Essay This is so the southwest winds can blow the windmills. The windmills would spin and they would turn a generator, which would produce electricity. After the electricity would have been generated, it would be supplied with cables down to the laboratory and the cooling equipment. However you would not be able to place a lot of the windmills on the hill. Therefore the next ideal position would be on the coast which would contain the strong southwest breezes. This can also be done seeing as the coast is not far away from the laboratory. This would supply electricity through wires in rubber pipes to the laboratory and further on to the refrigerators where the cooling equipment would be placed. In order to make sure that the supply of energy was continuous we could ensure that whilst the energy was being generated some of it would pass into a battery which would supply the cooling equipment with electricity when the wind is not blowing. The electricity would have to be split roughly half ways so when the wind is blowing 50% would pass into the cooling equipment while 50% went onto the battery. The material on the island that would have to be carefully monitored is the wood in the forms of trees within the forest. This is because if all the other sources of energy run out, this is the only other form of material, which will provide a quick source of energy. None of the other forms of energy are constant; the sun does not always shine, the wind does not always blow, the sea is not always rough and rivers do not always flow. However wood will always be there to provide quick energy. If the team only had a limited amount of money then they would have to try and harness the resources using the cheapest ways. The types of energy to harness would be different to choose from; in the sense that we would have to choose the cheapest resources available and also the most efficient. The cheapest resource available would be the natural biomass in the form of wood in the forests. However this would eventually run out because there are only a limited number of trees within the forest. Therefore we would have to resort to the burning of rubbish and rotting matter. We could use rotting matter to produce energy by leaving the rotting matter in a closed tank then through anaerobic digestion the gas methane would be produced. This gas could be used for heating, cooking and lighting. This is a very cheap method and it would produce energy at a very good rate aswell. By far the most expensive source if energy extraction would be solar panels and the windmills. These would cost a lot to make and they may not be as efficient as the geothermal and natural biomass. However if there were costs to be considered throughout the whole thing then we would have to resort to the extraction of geothermal energy and burning biomass. Another aspect of the limited money would be the fact that they may not be able to purchase the vast amounts of machinery needed to generate electricity like the turbines and the generators and therefore we would not be able to have such a vast amount and variety of different methods of harnessing electricity. Another aspect which would have to be considered on a limited budget would be the purchase of the equipment in order to extract the energy and the network through which it would have to run in order to be successfully linked up to all the equipment and finally the workforce which would be needed to construct the equipment and set it all up could be very timely and costly. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Electricity and Magnetism section.

The Truth Behind Coffee Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive Topics

The Truth Behind Coffee      Ã‚  Ã‚   The picture may seem familiar. Tumbling out of bed and stumbling around in the kitchen-you begin your day. But wait. It cannot begin properly without that daily ritual, the morning cup of coffee. The aroma swirls throughout the room. What can compare to the richness and fullness of that first cup of coffee?    Americans lead the world in coffee drinking, consuming an average of 3.4 cups per person per day (Pennybacker 18). Gourmet coffee houses are sprouting up all over the place. But what is the real story behind this dark brown liquid? Is it as innocent as it first seems-just a pleasant morning pick-me-up? Unfortunately it isn't. Much of today's coffee is grown in such a way that it damages the environment, although it has been proven that there are far less harmful methods.    Coffee grows only in the tropics, in Mexico, Central and Latin America, Indonesia, and Africa. The field must be at an altitude between 3000 and 5000 feet with a temperature between 65 and 70 degrees Fahrenheit. For optimum growth, coffee must have shade from nearby trees and overhead growth, but it also requires at least two hours of sunlight each day ("Shrinking Shadowland" 60). These are the only requirements nececssary for coffee to grow well. Coffee comes from small green beans that are really pits of a fruit resembling a cherry. The morning coffee poured into a mug comes from a small tree (or bush) that grew for seven years before it bloomed and grew the fruit that held the beans. After one of these trees produced one pound of coffee, its life was over ("Shrinking" 61).    It was in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries that coffee seeds from the Middle East took to the fertile soil of... ...n one percent of the 6.3 billion pounds of coffee imported into the U.S. each year (Pennybacker 19).    The merits of full-sun coffee plantations don't even begin to measure up to the benefits of shade plantations. Shade plantations benefit both the workers and the environment. The few extra dollars paid for organic coffee might make the difference between seeing that black-throated green warbler in your yard again next spring or not.       Works Cited Pennybacker, Mindy. "Habitat-Saving Habit." Audubon Nov./Dec. 1997: 18-19. "Shrinking Shadowland." Utne Reader. Nov/Dec. 1994: 72. "Why Migratory Birds Are Crazy for Coffee." Smithsonian Migratory Bird Center. 1997. Smithsonian Institution. 24 April 2000 <http://www.si.edu/smbc/fxshts/fxsht1a.htm>.    Wille, Chris. "The Birds and the Beans." Audubon Nov./Dec. 1994: 58-64.    The Truth Behind Coffee Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive Topics The Truth Behind Coffee      Ã‚  Ã‚   The picture may seem familiar. Tumbling out of bed and stumbling around in the kitchen-you begin your day. But wait. It cannot begin properly without that daily ritual, the morning cup of coffee. The aroma swirls throughout the room. What can compare to the richness and fullness of that first cup of coffee?    Americans lead the world in coffee drinking, consuming an average of 3.4 cups per person per day (Pennybacker 18). Gourmet coffee houses are sprouting up all over the place. But what is the real story behind this dark brown liquid? Is it as innocent as it first seems-just a pleasant morning pick-me-up? Unfortunately it isn't. Much of today's coffee is grown in such a way that it damages the environment, although it has been proven that there are far less harmful methods.    Coffee grows only in the tropics, in Mexico, Central and Latin America, Indonesia, and Africa. The field must be at an altitude between 3000 and 5000 feet with a temperature between 65 and 70 degrees Fahrenheit. For optimum growth, coffee must have shade from nearby trees and overhead growth, but it also requires at least two hours of sunlight each day ("Shrinking Shadowland" 60). These are the only requirements nececssary for coffee to grow well. Coffee comes from small green beans that are really pits of a fruit resembling a cherry. The morning coffee poured into a mug comes from a small tree (or bush) that grew for seven years before it bloomed and grew the fruit that held the beans. After one of these trees produced one pound of coffee, its life was over ("Shrinking" 61).    It was in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries that coffee seeds from the Middle East took to the fertile soil of... ...n one percent of the 6.3 billion pounds of coffee imported into the U.S. each year (Pennybacker 19).    The merits of full-sun coffee plantations don't even begin to measure up to the benefits of shade plantations. Shade plantations benefit both the workers and the environment. The few extra dollars paid for organic coffee might make the difference between seeing that black-throated green warbler in your yard again next spring or not.       Works Cited Pennybacker, Mindy. "Habitat-Saving Habit." Audubon Nov./Dec. 1997: 18-19. "Shrinking Shadowland." Utne Reader. Nov/Dec. 1994: 72. "Why Migratory Birds Are Crazy for Coffee." Smithsonian Migratory Bird Center. 1997. Smithsonian Institution. 24 April 2000 <http://www.si.edu/smbc/fxshts/fxsht1a.htm>.    Wille, Chris. "The Birds and the Beans." Audubon Nov./Dec. 1994: 58-64.   

Argumentative Essay on Gay Marriage Essay

Marriage is the ceremonial binding of two people, male and female, into one couple. Historically, marriage has been the institution when a man and a woman join together with the promise of love, devotion, to always stay together, to be there for each other, to take care of one another and to start a family together. Biblically, marriage has been all the aspects above, but including honoring, loving and growing closer to God and raising their family in ways that the Lord would have them, by abiding to the Word of God. Now days the traditional view of marriage is being changed by gay and lesbian couples demanding the same right to love, honor and cherish each other. This argumentative essay on gay marriage will explore both sides on the debate of gay and lesbian marriages. Historically, marriage was seen as a religious and civil union that brought together a man and woman for the purpose of joining family and to live the rest of their lives together. Biblical marriage was seen with the same purposes but including God in their marriage and to honor and obey the laws of marriage in His Word. Love may have been a big part of choosing a mate, or asking the person to marry you, but not the only factor. For Christians, we would not choose a mate; neither friends, nor family nor parents, but the Lord would choose â€Å"the one† for us. If you choose a mate, you would choose one that you could live with the rest of your life, who could put up with you and your shenanigans and vice-versa, who may have a lot in common or may not and so forth. Over time society has came to believe that love is the only reason to marry. No longer is marriage a union that is based on the future together forever and for starting a family, but just for enjoyment and emotional satisfaction. If it were to go wrong, or you just stopped loving that person, you could always back out and find another person to love. With these shifts in why to marry, what we have come to expect from marriage has also changed. Modern American society has changed its view of marriage. Society sees marriage as an institution whose purpose is to provide emotional satisfaction to the person concerned, and whose terms are negotia ble and revocable. Marriage, traditionally limited to unions between men and woman, in its modern state is slowly beginning to include the idea of same sex  couples. When love becomes the primary driving force to marry not the need to set up your own family then marriage can be open to any forms of partnerships. God institutes marriage in the Bible in Genesis chapter 2 verse 18, â€Å"And the Lord God said, It is not good that the man should be alone.† The Word of God states that a man and woman be married in verse 24 of chapter 2, â€Å"Therefore shall a man leave his father and mother, and shall cleave unto his wife: and they shall be one flesh.† Not a man and another man or a woman and another woman, but one man and one woman would leave their families to start a new one together, by marriage. God didn’t create Adam and Steve, but Adam and Eve! The book of Leviticus gives God’s rules to us for everyone, everywhere for all time, here on earth. Leviticus 18:22 â€Å"Thou shalt not lie with mankind, as with womankind: it is abomination.† Leviticus 20:13 â€Å"If a man also lie with mankind, as he lieth with a woman, both of them have committed an abomination: â€Å" God commanded that homosexuality is wrong, gay and lesbian marriage alike. It is an abomination is His sight. Romans 1:26b â€Å"for even their women did change the natural use into that which is against nature:† Romans 1:27 â€Å"And likewise also the men, leaving the natural use of the woman, burned in their lust one toward another; men with men†. It is not natural for man to like another man and want to be with him. It is the same with woman! As stated in the above paragraph, God created woman to be a help meet for men. Adam was lonely in the garden, so God created a woman from him! He didn’t create another man to be with Adam, but a woman. If homosexuality is an abomination unto the Lord, then certainly gay marriage is wrong in G od’s eyes too! Marriage, between a man and a woman, husband and wife, is to be enjoyable, pleasurable, romantic, long-lasting and holy in God’s sight! God made men and women to live with, walk with, speak with, love, to be together and enjoy life together, not the other way. I believe in the way I was reared and taught, I believe in God’s holy, infallible, inspired and preserved Word, I believe in Biblical marriage – do you?

Microcontroller Based Irrigation System Engineering Essay

AbstractionThe Microcontroller based irrigation system is an advanced method used to H2O the workss on a regular basis when we are out of station. The system makes usage of a microcontroller IC AT89C51, OP-AMP LM324 and associated circuitry. Microcontroller is preprogrammed and do the necessary stairss to exchange ON and OFF the motor depending upon whether the dirt is dry or non as indicated by the detectors. The OP-AMP is configured here as comparator. The Microcontroller is used to command the whole system. It monitors the detectors and when more than two detectors sense the dry status so the microcontroller will exchange on the motor and it will exchange off the motor when all the detectors are in moisture. The microcontroller does the above occupation it receives the signals from the detectors, and this signals operated under the control of package which is stored in ROM MICROCONTROLLER 89C51 SENSOR 1 SENSOR 2 SENSOR 3 SENSOR 4 Motor Relay Power SUPPLYBLOCK DIAGRAM 5V 12VBLOCK DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION( I ) POWER SUPPLYNinety-nine regulators are various and comparatively cheap and are available with characteristics such as current/voltage boosting, internal short circuit current modification, thermic closure and natation operation for high electromotive force applications. The regulated circuit is used to keep changeless end product degree. The incorporate circuit regulator, sometimes called the three terminal regulators contains the circuitry for mention beginning mistake amplitude control device and overload protection all in a individual IC bit. They are connected between end product of a filter and input to the burden. The 78xx series consist of three terminal +ve electromotive force regulators. With equal heat droping they can present end product current in surplus of 1A. For proper operation, there should be a common land between the input and end product electromotive force. As per the Indian criterions, the supply through the brinies is 230 Vs, 50 Hz Ac. For this undertaking, the power demands are +5V and +12V District of Columbia electromotive force degrees By sing the current demands of the assorted ICs and the loading effects of the different current drawing elements used in this undertaking, the entire current demand was found to be about 1 A. So we use a 12-0-12V, 1 A transformer to step down the brinies voltage to 12 V ( rms ) . The secondary of the transformer is fed to a rectifier circuit consisting of 1N4007 power rectifying tubes for change overing Ac to dc V. The pulsating end product therefore obtained has to be filtered to acquire the steady District of Columbia electromotive force. A capacitance filter of 2200 microfarads, 25V and 0.1 microfarads are used. Using regulator IC 7805 the needed electromotive force degree is obtained. Here we have used 78xx series regulator which are three terminal, positive fixed electromotive force series regulators.MICRO CONTROLLERThe microcontroller used is AT89C51. It is a low power, high-performance, CMOS 8- spot microcontroller with 4K Bytes of Flash programmable and effaceable read merely memory. Port1 of 89C51 Acts of the Apostless as an input port here.The end product of four comparators are fed to port1 ( Internet Explorer to P1.0, P1.1, P1.2, P1.3 ) . When to or more inputs are high, Internet Explorer for the spot combinations 0011,0101,0110,0111,1001,1010,1011,1100,1101, 1110,1111 the microcontroller will turn ON the motor.It will turn OFF the motor merely if all the inputs at Port1 is low Internet Explorer for the spot combination 0000.The microcontroller is pre-programmed to make this undertaking.DetectorThe detector parts are built utilizing OP-AMP IC LM324.The LM 324 series consists of four independent high addition, internally compensated operational amplifiers which are designed specifically to run from a individual power supply over a broad scope of electromotive forces. OP-AMP IC is configured here as a comparator. As shown in the circuit diagram stiff Cu wires are inserted in dirt and one terminal of each of these wires are connected to the negative terminus of the op-amp. When dirt is wet, its conduction will be high and end product of the comparators will be low. When the dirt is dry, the conduction will be low and the comparator end product will be high. The end product of these comparators are fed to the microcontroller.RelayRelaies are widely used to command devices that draw big current. A relay is a switch whose terminuss called contacts are unfastened and closed by an electromagnet. We normally use mechanical or solid province relays. The control circuitry for both of these types of relays is electrically isolated from the existent switch. When the current is passed through the twist of the electromagnet, the ensuing force actuates a metallic relay that causes one or more contacts to open and shut. The lever called armature is attached to the spring, so that when the current in the twist is removed, the spring force retraces the armature. The twists in the relay is called spiral and it is said to be energized when current flows through it. The switch contacts that are controlled by relay are called usually unfastened or usually closed harmonizing to the status when they are energized. Thus a usually unfastened contact stopping points and a usually closed contact opens when energized. The chief advantage of the relay is that the contacts can be designed to exchange a heavy current in and out of a circuit when merely a little current is supplied to or disconnected from the spiral. Here a 12V relay is used.The microcontroller bend ON and turn OFF the motor through this relay.MotorWe are utilizing a 12V, DC motor to demo the working. For pumping the H2O an AC motor may be used.This motor can be drived utilizing the relay.CIRCUIT DIAGRAMWorkingThe undertaking presented here is an automatic irrigation system.It uses microcontroller AT89C51, op-amp LM324 and associated circuitry. The power supply required for the microcontroller,5V can be either taken straight from a District of Columbia beginning and if merely Ac is available, so it can be rectified, filtered and the regulated 5V can be obtained with the assistance of power supply unit which is provided here. The op-amp LM324 is configured as a comparator.There are four built-in units in it and associated with each unit we will infix two Cu wires in the soil.One terminal of these wires are in the dirt and the other terminal of one wire is connected to the supply say 5V and the 2nd wire is connected to the comparator ‘s inverting terminal.When the dirt is wet its conduction will be high and 5V will make the inverting terminus through the wires inserted in dirt. Consequently the ouput of that peculiar comparator will be low.If the dirt is dry its conduction will be low and the comparator will give a high end product. As already mentioned there are four comparators and the end product of all these comparators are fed to Port1 ( Internet Explorer to P1.0, P1.1, P1.2, P1.3 ) of the microcontroller. Port1 of 89C51 Acts of the Apostless as an input port here.When to or more inputs are high, Internet Explorer for the spot combinations0011,0101,0110,0111,1001,1010,1011,1100,1101,1110,1111the microcontroller will turn ON the motor.It will turn OFF the motor merely if all the inputs at Port1 is low Internet Explorer for the spot combination 0000.The microcontroller is pre-programmed to make this undertaking. The microcontroller bend ON and turn OFF the motor through a 12V relay.SOFTWARE PARTFlow chart Start If power supply on Stop Read Port P1 as input port Port P1 = FFH A = P1 If A = 0000 Motor OFF If A = 0001 Motor OFF Nitrogen Yttrium If A = 0010 Motor OFF Nitrogen Yttrium Yttrium A A A Yttrium Nitrogen A Bacillus Nitrogen If A = 0100 Motor OFF Yttrium If A = 1000 Motor OFF Nitrogen Yttrium A A Nitrogen Bacillus Motor ON If A = 0000 Yttrium Nitrogen Motor OFF A PCB FABRICATION PCB DESIGN PCB design of the circuit was implemented utilizing DIP TRACE. Initially the schematic of the circuit was drawn. The necessary PCB footmarks were given, thereby stipulating the constituent size and spacing. After giving the footmarks a new list was created. Rooting process was done utilizing the DIPTRACE PCB LAYOUT package. The net list was loaded and constituents spacing done consequently. Using the Auto rooting option, rooting was done. The possible connexions were made utilizing Auto rooting and the staying connexions were done manually utilizing jumpers.PCB FABRICATIONAfter the PCB design stage, PCB fiction was done. The way was drawn on a circuit board utilizing a C paper and the mirror image obtained was painted. The board was etched by dunking it in a extremely concentrated Ferric Chloride and after etching, the staying pigment was removed. The continuity of all waies was checked and so the constituents were placed and soldered. After supplying the necessary jumpers besides the circuit was tested.BondingSoldering is the fall ining together of two metals to give physical bonding and good electrical conduction. It is used chiefly in electrical and electronic circuitry. Solder is a combination of metals, which are solid at normal ro om temperatures and go liquid at between 180 and 200A °C. Solder bonds good to assorted metals, and highly good to Cu. Soldering is a necessary accomplishment you need to larn to successfully construct electronics circuits. It is the primary manner how electronics constituents are connected to circuit boards, wires and sometimes straight to other constituents. To solder you need a bonding Fe. A modern basic electrical bonding Fe consists of a warming component, a soldering spot ( frequently called the tip ) , a grip and a power cord. The warming component can be either a opposition wire lesion around a ceramic tubing, or a thick movie opposition component printed onto a ceramic base. The component is so insulated and placed into a metal tubing for strength and protection. This is so thermally insulated from the grip. The heating component of soldering Fe normally reaches temperatures of about 370 to 400A °C ( higher than needed to run the solder ) . The soldering spot is a specially molded piece of Cu plated with Fe and so normally plated with chrome or Fe. The tip planting makes it really immune to aggressive solders and fluxes. The strength or power of a bonding Fe is normally expressed in Watts. Irons by and large used in electronics are typically in the scope 12 to 25 Watts. Higher powered Fe will non run hotter, but it will hold more power available to rapidly replace heat drained from the Fe during soldering. Most chainss are available in a assortment of electromotive forces, 12V, 24V, 115V, and 230V are the most popular. Today most research labs and fix stores use soldering chainss, which operate at 24V ( powered by isolation transformer supplied with the soldering Fe or by a separate low electromotive force mercantile establishment ) . You should ever utilize this low electromotive force where possible, as it is much safer. For advanced bonding work ( like really bantam really sensitive electronics constituents ) , you will necessitate a soldering Fe with a temperature control. In this type of soldering chainss the temperature may be normally set between 200 degC and 450 degC. Many temperature-control led soldering chainss designed for electronics have a power evaluation of around 40-50W. They will heat fast and give adequate power for operation, but are automatically little ( because the temperature accountant stops them from overheating when they are non used ) . You will on occasion see gas-powered soldering chainss which use butane instead than the brinies electrical supply to run. They have a catalytic component which, one time warmed up, continues to glow hot when gas passes over them. Gas-powered soldering chainss are designed for occasional â€Å" on the topographic point † usage for speedy fixs, instead than for mainstream building or assembly work. You need to be careful in soldering because most electronic constituents are delicate, and heat sensitive. Normally our biggest concern is heat. Low plenty soldering temperature and short plenty soldering clip keeps constituents in good form. Electronicss constituents are designed so that they can take high temperatures on their contacts/wires for some clip without harm ( to defy the bonding ) . Prolonged exposure to high temperature will heat up when interior of the constituent can do harm to it. Presently, the best normally available, feasible, and safe solder metal is 63/37. That is, 63 % lead, 37 % Sn. It is besides known as eutectic solder. Its most desirable feature is that its solids ( â€Å" pasty † ) province, and its liquid province occur at the same temperature — 361 grades F. The combination of 63 % lead and 37 % Sn thaws at the lowest possible temperature. Nowadays there is inclination to travel to utilize lead free solders, but it will takes old ages until they will catch on normal soldering work. Lead free solders are nowadays available, but they are by and large more expensive and/or harder to work on than traditional solders that have lead in so, The metals involved are non the lone things to see in a solder. Flux is critical to a good solder articulation. Flux is an aggressive chemical that removes oxides and drosss from the parts to be soldered. The chemical reactions at the point ( s ) of connexion must take topographic point for the metals to blend. RMA-type flux ( Rosin Mildly Active ) is the least corrosive of the readily available stuffs, and provides an equal oxide remotion. In electronics a 60/40 fluxed nucleus solder is used. This consists of 60 % Lead and 40 % Tin, with flux nucleuss added through the length of the solder. There are certain safety steps which you should maintain in head when soldering. The Sn stuff used in soldering contains unsafe substances like lead ( 40-60 % of typical bonding Sns are lead and lead is toxicant ) . Besides the assorted from the soldering flux can be unsafe. While it is true that lead does non zap at the temperatures at which soldering is typically done, particulate affair is merely every bit unsafe as exhausts would be in footings of toxic condition and there is particulate lead nowadays to some extent in the exhausts from your flux. When soldering maintain the room good ventilated and utilize a little fan or fume trap. A proper smoke trap or a fan will maintain the most pollution off from your face. Professional electronics workshops use expensive fume extraction systems to protect their workers ( needed for working safety grounds ) . Those fume extraction devices have a particular filter, which filters out the unsafe exhausts. If you can link a canal to the end product from the trap to the exterior, that would be great. Always wash custodies prior to smoke, feeding, imbibing or traveling to the bathroom. When you handle soldering Sn, your custodies will pick up lead, which needs to be washed out from it before it gets to your organic structure. Do non eat, imbibe or smoke whilst working with soldering Fe. Do non put cups, spectacless or a home base of nutrient near your working country. Wash besides the tabular array sometimes. As you solder, at times there will be a spot of ptyalizing and sputtering. If you look you ‘ll see bantam balls of solder that shoot out and can be found on your soldering tabular array. The bonding Fe will last longer with proper attention. Before and during usage wipe the spot on a moist sponge. Most bench bases incorporate a sponge for this intent. When utilizing a new spot, use solder to it as it heats up. Always maintain a hot Fe in a bench base, or suspended by the hook, when non in usage. Bend of the Fe when you do non utilize it. Sporadically take the spot and clear off any oxide build up. Regularly check the brinies lead for Burnss or other harm ( alteration mains lead if necessary ) .PCB LAYOUTCost Appraisal SL NO. Components Specification Rate Measure Cost 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. Resistors Diodes Capacitors Crystal Op-amp Microcontroller IC Base Transistor Transformer Relay DC Motor Regulator IC PCB fiction & A ; Soldering LED Casing 10 K 100 K 220 I © 2.2k 1N4007 2200 A µF 0.1A µF 47A µF 10A µF 8 MHz LM 324 AT89C51 14 pin 40 pin BC 107 12-0-12 12 V 12V motor Intelligence community 7805 10 PS 10 PS 10 PS 10 PS 20 PS 50 PS 50 PS 50 PS 50 PS Rs 5.00 Rs 18.00 Rs 58.00 Rs.2.00 Rs.10.00 Rs 1.00 Rs.70.00 Rs.8.00 Rs.70.00 Rs.5.00 Rs.250.00 Re.1.00 Rs.20.00 9 4 5 4 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 90ps 40ps 50ps 40ps 60ps 50ps 50ps 50ps 50ps Rs 5.00 Rs.18.00 Rs.58.00 Rs.2.00 Rs.10.00 Rs.1.00 Rs.70.00 Rs.8.00 Rs.70.00 Rs.5.00 Rs.250.00 Rs.4.00 Rs.20.00TOTAL = Rs..526.00Decision Here we introduce a simple and cheap irrigation system. The hardware subdivision consists of an op A and a microcontroller circuitry. The unit can be easy implemented in our houses for little graduated table every bit good as in farms for big scale irrigation.BibliographyMentionsThe 8051 Microcontroller and embedded systems – Muhammad Ali Mazidi Op As and Linear Integrated circuits – Ramakand GaykwadWeb siteswww.atmel.com www.8051projects.info/proj.asp? ID=40Plan# INCLUDE & lt ; SFR55A.INC & gt ; MOTOR BIT P2_0 MOTOR_LED BIT P2_1 DRY BIT P2_2 WET BIT P2_3 CSEG AT 0 ORG 00H Start: MOV P1, # FFH MOV A, P1 CJNE A, # 00H, NEXT_VALUE ACALL MOTOR_OFF NEXT_VALUE: CJNE A, # 01H, NEXT_VALUE1 ACALL MOTOR_OFF NEXT_VALUE 1: CJNE A, # 02H, NEXT_VALUE2 ACALL MOTOR_OFF NEXT_VALUE 2: CJNE A, # 03H, NEXT_VALUE3 ACALL MOTOR_ON NEXT_VALUE 3: CJNE A, # 04H, NEXT_VALUE4 ACALL MOTOR_OFF NEXT_VALUE 4: CJNE A, # 05H, NEXT_VALUE5 ACALL MOTOR_ON NEXT_VALUE 5: CJNE A, # 06H, NEXT_VALUE6 ACALL MOTOR_ON NEXT_VALUE 6: CJNE A, # 07H, NEXT_VALUE7 ACALL MOTOR_ON NEXT_VALUE 7: CJNE A, # 08H, NEXT_VALUE8 ACALL MOTOR_OFF NEXT_VALUE 8: CJNE A, # 09H, NEXT_VALUE9 ACALL MOTOR_ON NEXT_VALUE 9: CJNE A, # 0BH, NEXT_VALUE11 ACALL MOTOR_ON NEXT_VALUE 11: CJNE A, # 0CH, NEXT_VALUE12 ACALL MOTOR_ON NEXT_VALUE 12: CJNE A, # 0DH, NEXT_VALUE13 ACALL MOTOR_ON NEXT_VALUE 13: CJNE A, # 0EH, NEXT_VALUE14 ACALL MOTOR_ON NEXT_VALUE 14: CJNE A, # 0FH, NEXT_VALUE10 ACALL MOTOR_ON NEXT_VALUE 15: AJUMP START MOTOR_ON: SETB MOTOR SETB WET CLR MOTOR_LED CLR DRY RET MOTOR_OFF: CLR MOTOR SETB DRY CLR WET SETB MOTOR _LED End

Free Essays on 401k

One of the most overlooked parts of growing older would be planning for the future, including retirement. Younger people take this situation lightly as it seems so far off into the future for them, thus it is an area that is subject to procrastination. I myself have had two jobs at different guitar shops, where I paid into their respective retirement plans. However, to date I have no clue what happened to my contributed funds, as I no longer have employment with those companies. People are expected to have longer life expectancies now more than ever before, this is another reason why young adults and teenagers are not worried about saving for their retirement. The seventy-seven million people that were born between 1943 and 1960, also known as the baby boomer generation face an entirely different situation all together. As they age and began to retire, these people are starting to think that there will be no money left for them and this will turn into a huge crisis of overwhelming proportion. What will happen when the seventy-seven million baby boomers start to want or need the money they paid in throughout their long and hard working careers and there is no money left for them? â€Å"From a CNN/POLL: Financial Condition of Social Security Crisis 31% Problems, not a crisis 55% No problem 10% Asked of all Americans Will Social Security go bankrupt before you retire? Yes 54% No 42% Asked of Americans under age of 65 if Social Security did not exist, could you save enough to retire? Yes 44% No 52% Asked of Americans under age of 65 who should control Social Security Investments? Individuals 80% Government 14% asked of all Americans† (cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/1998/04/10/polls/social.security/) There are some retirement provisions available to the masses, such as Social Security and 401(k) plans that are there to help when deciding how to properly save your hard earned cash. Social Security began more than seventy years ago, in the... Free Essays on 401k Free Essays on 401k One of the most overlooked parts of growing older would be planning for the future, including retirement. Younger people take this situation lightly as it seems so far off into the future for them, thus it is an area that is subject to procrastination. I myself have had two jobs at different guitar shops, where I paid into their respective retirement plans. However, to date I have no clue what happened to my contributed funds, as I no longer have employment with those companies. People are expected to have longer life expectancies now more than ever before, this is another reason why young adults and teenagers are not worried about saving for their retirement. The seventy-seven million people that were born between 1943 and 1960, also known as the baby boomer generation face an entirely different situation all together. As they age and began to retire, these people are starting to think that there will be no money left for them and this will turn into a huge crisis of overwhelming proportion. What will happen when the seventy-seven million baby boomers start to want or need the money they paid in throughout their long and hard working careers and there is no money left for them? â€Å"From a CNN/POLL: Financial Condition of Social Security Crisis 31% Problems, not a crisis 55% No problem 10% Asked of all Americans Will Social Security go bankrupt before you retire? Yes 54% No 42% Asked of Americans under age of 65 if Social Security did not exist, could you save enough to retire? Yes 44% No 52% Asked of Americans under age of 65 who should control Social Security Investments? Individuals 80% Government 14% asked of all Americans† (cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/1998/04/10/polls/social.security/) There are some retirement provisions available to the masses, such as Social Security and 401(k) plans that are there to help when deciding how to properly save your hard earned cash. Social Security began more than seventy years ago, in the...

War of 1812 - Early Campaigns

War of 1812 - Early Campaigns Causes of the War of 1812 | War of 1812: 101 | 1813: Success on Lake Erie, Indecisiveness Elsewhere To Canada With the declaration of war in June 1812, planning began in Washington to strike north against British-held Canada. The prevailing thought in much of the United States was that the capture of Canada would be a simple and swift operation. This was supported by the fact the US possessed a population of around 7.5 million while Canadas numbered only 500,000. Of this smaller number, a large percentage was Americans who had moved north as well as the French population of Quebec. It was believed by the Madison Administration that many from these two groups would flock to the American flag once troops crossed the border. Indeed, former President Thomas Jefferson believed that securing Canada was a simple matter of marching. Despite these optimistic prognostications, the US military lacked the command structure to effectively execute an invasion. The small War Department, led by Secretary of War William Eustis, consisted of only eleven junior clerks. In addition, there was no clear scheme for how regular officers were to interact with their militia counterparts and whose rank took precedence. In determining a strategy for moving forward, most were in agreement that severing the St. Lawrence River would lead to the capitulation of Upper Canada (Ontario). The ideal method for achieving this was through the capture of Quebec. This idea was ultimately discarded as the city was heavily fortified and many remembered the failed campaign to take the city in 1775. In addition, any movement against Quebec would need to be launched from New England where support for the war was particularly weak. Instead, President James Madison elected to approve a plan put forward by Major General Henry Dearborn. This called for a three-prong attack north with one moving up the Lake Champlain corridor to take Montreal while another advanced into Upper Canada by crossing the Niagara River between Lakes Ontario and Erie. A third thrust was to come in the west where American troops would advance east into Upper Canada from Detroit. This plan had the added advantage of having two offensives depart from strong War Hawk territory which was expected to be a strong source of troops. The hope was to have all three attacks commence at the same time with the goal of stretching the small number of British troops stationed in Canada. This coordination failed to occur (Map). Disaster at Detroit The troops for the westernmost offensive were in motion prior to the declaration of war. Departing from Urbana, OH, Brigadier General William Hull moved north towards Detroit with around 2,000 men. Reaching the Maumee River, he encountered the schooner Cuyahoga. Embarking his sick and wounded, Hull dispatched the schooner across Lake Erie to Detroit. Against the wishes of his staff who feared the ships capture as it passed British Fort Malden, Hull had also placed the complete records of his army on board. By the time his force reached Detroit on July 5, he had learned that war had been declared. He also was informed that Cuyahoga had been captured. Hulls captured papers were forwarded to Major General Isaac Brock who was in command of British forces in Upper Canada. Undeterred, Hull crossed the Detroit River and issued a pompous declaration informing the people of Canada that they were free from British oppression. Pressing down the east bank, he reached Fort Malden, but despite having a large numerical advantage, did not assault it. Problems soon arose for Hull when the anticipated support from the Canadian people failed to materialize and 200 of his Ohio militia refused to cross the river into Canada stating they would only fight on American territory. Growing concerned about his extended supply lines back to Ohio, he dispatched a force under Major Thomas Van Horn to meet a wagon train near the River Raisin. Moving south, they were attacked and driven back to Detroit by Native American warriors directed by the feared Shawnee leader Tecumseh. Compounding these difficulties, Hull soon learned that Fort Mackinac had surrendered on July 17. The loss of the fort gave the British control of the upper Great Lakes. As a result, he ordered the immediate evacuation of Fort Dearborn on Lake Michigan. Departing on August 15, the retreating garrison was quickly attacked by Native Americans led by the Pota watomi chief Black Bird and took heavy losses. Believing his situation to be grave, Hull withdrew back across the Detroit River on August 8 amid rumors that Brock was advancing with a large force. The maneuver led to many of the militia leaders to ask for Hulls removal. Advancing to the Detroit River with 1,300 men (including 600 Native Americans), Brock utilized several ruses to convince Hull that his force was much larger. Holding his larger command at Fort Detroit, Hull remained inactive as Brock began a bombardment from the east bank of the river. On August 15, Brock called for Hull to surrender and implied that if the Americans declined and a battle resulted, he would not be able to control Tecumsehs men. Hull refused this demand but was shaken by the threat. The following day, after a shell hit the officers mess, Hull, without consulting his officers, surrendered Fort Detroit and 2,493 men without a fight. In one quick campaign, the British had effectively destroyed the American defenses in the Northwest. The only victory o ccurred when young Captain Zachary Taylor succeeded in holding Fort Harrison on the night of September 4/5. Causes of the War of 1812 | War of 1812: 101 | 1813: Success on Lake Erie, Indecisiveness Elsewhere Causes of the War of 1812 | War of 1812: 101 | 1813: Success on Lake Erie, Indecisiveness Elsewhere Twisting the Lions Tail When the war began in June 1812, the fledgling US Navy possessed fewer then twenty-five ships, the largest being frigates. Opposing this small force was the Royal Navy which consisted of over a thousand ships manned by over 151,000 men. Lacking the ships of the line required for fleet actions, the US Navy embarked on a campaign of guerre de course while engaging British warships when practical. To support the US Navy, hundreds of letters of marque were issued to American privateers with the goal of crippling British commerce. With news of the defeats on the frontier, the Madison Administration looked to the sea for positive results. The first of these occurred on August 19, when Captain Isaac Hull, nephew of the disgraced general, took USS Constitution (44 guns) into battle against HMS Guerriere (38). After a sharp fight, Hull proved victorious and Captain James Dacres was forced to surrender his ship. As the battle raged, several of Guerrieres cannonballs bounced off of Constitutions thick live oak planking giving the ship the nickname Old Ironsides. Returning to Boston, Hull was feted as a hero. This success was soon followed on October 25 when Captain Stephen Decatur and USS United States (44) captured HMS Macedonian (38). Returning to New York with his prize, Macedonian was bought into the US Navy and Decatur joined Hull as a national hero. Though the US Navy endured the loss of the sloop-of-war USS Wasp (18) in October when it was taken by HMS Poictiers (74) after successful a action against HMS Frolic (18), the year ended on a high note. With Hull on leave, USS Constitution sailed south under the command of Captain William Bainbridge. On December 29, he encountered HMS Java (38) off the Brazilian coast. Though he was carrying the new governor of India, Captain Henry Lambert moved to engage Constitution. As the fighting raged, Bainbridge dismasted his opponent and compelled Lambert to surrender. Though of little strategic importance, the three frigate victories boosted the confidence of the young US Navy and lifted the publics flagging spirits. Stunned by the defeats, the Royal Navy understood the American frigates to be bigger and stronger than their own. As a result, orders were issued that British frigates should seek to avoid single ship actions with their American counterparts. Efforts were also made to keep the e nemy ships in port by tightening the British blockade of the American coast. All Wrong Along the Niagara Onshore, the events in the field continued to go against the Americans. Assigned to command the attack on Montreal, Dearborn dallied most of the fall raising troops and failed to cross the border by years end. Along the Niagara, efforts moved forward, but slowly. Returning to Niagara from his success at Detroit, Brock found that his superior, Lieutenant General Sir George Prevost had ordered British forces to adopt a defensive posture in the hopes that the conflict could be settled diplomatically. As a result, an armistice was in place along the Niagara which allowed American Major General Stephen van Rensselaer to receive reinforcements. A major general in the New York militia, van Rensselaer was a popular Federalist politician who had been appointed to command the American army for politic purposes. As such, several regular officers, such as Brigadier General Alexander Smyth, commanding at Buffalo, had issues with taking orders from him. With the end of the armistice on September 8, Van Rensselaer began making plans to cross the Niagara River from his base at Lewiston, NY to capture the village of Queenston and the nearby heights. To support this effort, Smyth was ordered to cross and attack Fort George. After receiving only silence from Smyth, van Rensselaer sent additional orders demanding that he bring his men to Lewiston for a combined assault on October 11. Though van Rensselaer was ready to strike, severe weather led to the effort being postponed and Smyth returned to Buffalo with his men after being delayed en route. Having spotted this failed attempt and received reports that the Americans might attack, Brock issued orders for the local militias to begin forming. Outnumbered, the British commanders forces were also scattered along length of the Niagara frontier. With the weather clearing, van Rensselaer elected to make a second attempt on October 13. Efforts to add Smyths 1,700 men failed when he informed van Rensselaer that he could not arrive until the 14th. Crossing the river on October 13, the lead elements of van Rensselaers army achieved some success during the early parts of the Battle of Queenston Heights. Reaching the battlefield, Brock led a counterattack against the American lines and was killed. With additional British forces moving to the scene, van Rensselaer attempted to send reinforcements, but many of his militia refused to cross the river. As a result, American forces on Queenston Heights, led by Lieutenant Colonel Winfield Scott and militia Brigadier General William Wadsworth were overwhelmed and captured. Having lost over a 1,000 men in the defeat, van Rensselaer resigned and was replaced by Smyth. With the conclusion of 1812, American efforts to invade Canada had failed on all fronts. The people of Canada, who leaders in Washington had believed would rise up against the British, had instead proved themselves to be stalwart defenders of their land and the Crown. Rather than a simple march to Canada and victory, the first six months of war saw the Northwest frontier in danger of collapse and stalemate elsewhere. It was to be a long winter on the southern side of the border. Causes of the War of 1812 | War of 1812: 101 | 1813: Success on Lake Erie, Indecisiveness Elsewhere